ʻAno Hoʻoholo Nui o ka ʻĀpana Hānai
ʻO ka nui o nā ʻāpana hānai e pili ana i ka mānoanoa o nā mea maka o ka hānai, nā mea hoʻohui hānai, a me nā huahana hānai. I kēia manawa, ʻo ke kūlana aupuni pili ʻo "ʻElua-papa Sieve Sieving Method for Determination of Feed Wrinding Particle Size" (GB/T5917.1-2008). Ua like ke kaʻina hana hoʻāʻo me ke ʻano hoʻāʻo i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Wahi a ka ikaika o ka wāwahi ʻana o ka hānai, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka wāwahi ʻana i ʻelua ʻano: ka wāwahi nui a me ka wāwahi maikaʻi. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻāpana ma mua o 1000 μm no ka wāwahi nui, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ka ʻāpana ma mua o 600 μm no ka wāwahi maikaʻi.
Kaʻina hana wāwahi hānai
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻianā wili hānaie komo pū me nā wili hāmare a me nā wili pahu. I ka wā e hoʻohana ai, pono e koho ʻia e like me ka hopena kuʻi, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana, a me ke ʻano hānai. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka wili hāmare, ʻoi aku ka like o ka nui o nā ʻāpana o ka wili pahu, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hana a ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai mīkini. Hoʻonui nā wili hāmare i ka nalowale o ka makū o ka palaoa, he walaʻau, a emi iki ka nui o nā ʻāpana like i ka wā e kuʻi ai, akā ʻo ke kumukūʻai hoʻonohonoho he hapalua paha ia o ka wili pahu.
Ma keʻano laulā, hoʻokomo wale nā wili hānai i hoʻokahi ʻano pulverizer,wili hāmarea i ʻole ka wili pahu. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hou e hiki i ka comminution multi-step ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka like ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻāpana a hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana. ʻO ka wili multi-step e pili ana i ka wili ʻana me ka wili hāmare a laila me ka wili pahu. Eia nō naʻe, ua kakaikahi ka ʻikepili pili, a pono ka noiʻi hou a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana.
Ka hopena o ka nui o ka ʻāpana ma ka ikehu a me ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā meaʻai o ka meaʻai palaoa
Ua loiloi ʻia e nā haʻawina he nui ka nui kūpono o nā ʻāpana o nā cereals a me ka hopena o ka nui o nā ʻāpana i ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka ikehu a me nā meaʻai. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā palapala ʻōlelo paipai no ka nui kūpono o nā ʻāpana i puka mai i ke kenekulia 20, a ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia e hiki i ka hānai me ka awelika o ka nui o nā ʻāpana o 485-600 μm ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka ikehu a me nā meaʻai a hoʻolaha i ka ulu ʻana o ka puaʻa.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina he nui e hoʻomaikaʻi ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻāpana i kuʻi ʻia o nā hua i ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ikehu. ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā hua o ka palaoa mai 920 μm a i 580 μm hiki ke hoʻonui i ka ATTD o ka starch, akā ʻaʻohe hopena i ka waiwai ATTD o GE. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ATTD o nā puaʻa GE, DM a me CP i hānai ʻia i ka ʻai bale 400μm ma mua o ka ʻai 700μm. I ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻāpana o ka kulina mai 500μm a i 332μm, ua hoʻonui ʻia hoʻi ka nui o ka degradation o ka phytate phosphorus. I ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā hua o ka kulina mai 1200 μm a i 400 μm, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ATTD o DM, N, a me GE ma 5%, 7%, a me 7% pakahi, a ʻo ke ʻano o ka wili e loaʻa ka hopena i ka ikehu a me ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe i nā meaʻai. I ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka palaoa o ka kulina mai 865 μm a i 339 μm, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ATTD o ka starch, GE, ME a me DE levels, akā ʻaʻohe hopena i ka digestibility o ka ʻōpū holoʻokoʻa o P a me ka SID o AA. I ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka palaoa o ka kulina mai 1500μm a i 641μm, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka ATTD o DM, N a me GE. ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o nā pae ATTD a me ME o DM, GE i nā puaʻa i hānai ʻia me 308 μm DDGS ma mua o nā puaʻa 818 μm DDGS, akā ʻaʻohe hopena o ka nui o ka ʻāpana i ka ATTD o N a me P. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻikepili hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka ATTD o DM, N, a me GE ke hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka palaoa kulina e 500 μm. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻaʻohe hopena o ka nui o ka ʻāpana o ka kulina a i ʻole ka DDGS kulina i ka digestibility o ka phosphorus. ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka ʻāpana kuʻi o ka hānai pī hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka digestibility o ka ikehu. I ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻāpana o ka lupine mai 1304 μm a i 567 μm, ua piʻi pū ka ATTD o GE a me CP a me SID o AA ma ke ʻano linear. Pēlā nō, hiki i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻāpana o ka pī ʻulaʻula ke hoʻonui i ka digestibility o ka starch a me ka ikehu. I ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻāpana o ka palaoa soybean mai 949 μm a i 185 μm, ʻaʻohe ona hopena ma ka awelika SID o ka ikehu, nā mea nui a me nā mea ʻole AA, akā ua hoʻonui linear i ka SID o isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine a me valine. Ua manaʻo nā mea kākau i ka palaoa soybean 600 μm no ka AA kūpono, ka digestibility ikehu. I ka hapa nui o nā hoʻokolohua, hiki i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻāpana ke hoʻonui i nā pae DE a me ME, kahi e pili ana paha i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka digestibility starch. No nā meaʻai me ka haʻahaʻa o ka starch a me ka nui o ka fiber, ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻāpana o ka meaʻai e hoʻonui i nā pae DE a me ME, kahi e pili ana paha i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka viscosity o ka digesta a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka digestibility o nā mea ikehu.
Ka hopena o ka nui o ka ʻāpana hānai ma ka Pathogenesis o ka ʻōpū gastric i nā puaʻa
Ua māhele ʻia ka ʻōpū puaʻa i nā ʻāpana glandular a me nā ʻāpana non-glandular. ʻO ka ʻāpana non-glandular kahi wahi kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻōpū gastric, no ka mea, he hopena pale ka mucosa gastric ma ka ʻāpana glandular. ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻāpana hānai kekahi o nā kumu o ka ʻōpū gastric, a ʻo ke ʻano hana, ka nui o ka hana, a me ke ʻano hale hiki ke hana i ka ʻōpū gastric i nā puaʻa. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka nui o ka palaoa kulina mai 1200 μm a i 400 μm, a mai 865 μm a i 339 μm hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōpū gastric i nā puaʻa. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ʻōpū gastric i nā puaʻa i hānai ʻia me nā pellets o 400 μm ka nui o ka palaoa kulina ma mua o ka pauka me ka nui o ka palaoa like. Ua hopena ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pellets i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōpū gastric i nā puaʻa. Ke manaʻo nei ua loaʻa i nā puaʻa nā hōʻailona ʻōpū gastric 7 mau lā ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pellets maikaʻi, a laila ʻo ka hānai ʻana i nā pellets coarse no 7 mau lā i hōʻoluʻolu pū i nā hōʻailona ʻōpū gastric. Hiki i nā puaʻa ke maʻi Helicobacter ma hope o ka ʻōpū gastric. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hānai ʻai nui a me ka hānai pauka, ua piʻi aʻe ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka chloride i loko o ka ʻōpū i ka wā i hānai ʻia ai nā puaʻa i nā meaʻai a i ʻole nā pellets i kuʻi maikaʻi ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka chloride e paipai pū i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o Helicobacter, e hopena ana i ka emi ʻana o ka pH i loko o ka ʻōpū. Nā hopena o ka nui o nā ʻāpana hānai ma ka ulu ʻana a me ka hana hana o nā puaʻa
Nā hopena o ka nui o ka ʻāpana hānai ma ka ulu ʻana a me ka hana hana o nā puaʻa
ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka palaoa hiki ke hoʻonui i ka wahi hana o nā enzyme digestive a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikehu a me ka digestibility nutrient. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia hoʻonui ʻana i ka digestibility e unuhi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana ulu, no ka mea, e hoʻonui nā puaʻa i kā lākou ʻai ʻana i mea e uku ai no ka nele o ka digestibility a loaʻa i ka ikehu e pono ai lākou. Ua hōʻike ʻia ma nā palapala ʻo ka nui kūpono o ka ʻāpana palaoa i loko o nā ration o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia a me nā puaʻa momona he 600 μm a me 1300 μm, kēlā me kēia.
I ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka palaoa mai 1200μm a i 980μm, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai, akā ʻaʻohe hopena o ka pono o ka meaʻai. Pēlā nō, i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka palaoa mai 1300 μm a i 600 μm, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka pono o ka meaʻai o nā puaʻa momona 93-114 kg, akā ʻaʻohe hopena ma nā puaʻa momona 67-93 kg. No kēlā me kēia 100 μm ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka palaoa kulina, ua piʻi ka G:F o nā puaʻa ulu ma 1.3%. I ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka palaoa kulina mai 800 μm a i 400 μm, ua piʻi ka G:F o nā puaʻa ma 7%. He ʻokoʻa nā hopena hōʻemi nui o nā ʻāpana o nā palaoa like ʻole, e like me ka palaoa a i ʻole ka sorghum me ka nui like o nā ʻāpana a me ka laulā hōʻemi nui like o nā ʻāpana, makemake nā puaʻa i ka palaoa. I ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka palaoa kulina mai 1000μm a i 400μm, ua emi ka ADFI o nā puaʻa a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka G:F. I ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka palaoa o ka sorghum mai 724 μm a i 319 μm, ua hoʻonui ʻia hoʻi ka G:F o nā puaʻa hoʻopau. Eia nō naʻe, ua like ka hana ulu ʻana o nā puaʻa i hānai ʻia me ka palaoa soya 639 μm a i ʻole 444 μm me ka palaoa soya 965 μm a i ʻole 1226 μm, ma muli paha o ka hoʻohui liʻiliʻi ʻana o ka palaoa soya. No laila, ʻo nā pono i lawe ʻia mai e ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻāpana hānai e ʻike wale ʻia ke hoʻohui ʻia ka hānai ma kahi hapa nui i ka meaʻai.
I ka wā i emi ai ka nui o ka palaoa o ka kulina mai 865 μm a i 339 μm a i ʻole mai 1000 μm a i 400 μm, a me ka nui o ka palaoa o ka sorghum mai 724 μm a i 319 μm, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka nui o ka pepehi ʻana i nā kupapaʻu o nā puaʻa momona. ʻO ke kumu o ka loiloi paha ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka palaoa, e alakaʻi ana i ka emi ʻana o ke kaumaha o ka ʻōpū. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi i ka wā e emi ai ka nui o ka palaoa o ka palaoa mai 1300 μm a i 600 μm, ʻaʻohe ona hopena i ka nui o ka pepehi ʻana o nā puaʻa momona. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia he ʻokoʻa nā hopena o nā palaoa like ʻole i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻāpana, a pono e noiʻi hou aku.
He kakaikahi nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka hopena o ka nui o nā ʻāpana meaʻai i ke kaumaha o ke kino puaʻa a me ka ulu ʻana o ka puaʻa. ʻO ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka hua kulina mai 1200 μm a i 400 μm ʻaʻohe hopena i ke kaumaha o ke kino a me ka nalowale o ka momona o nā puaʻa hānai, akā hoʻemi i ka ʻai ʻana o nā puaʻa hānai i ka wā lactation a me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaumaha o nā puaʻa waiū.